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Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 2-3% of all cancers [1]. It is an adenocarcinoma making up 85% of all renal malignancies. Sarcomatoid transformation is a microscopically identified feature of RCC accounting for 5% of all RCCs [2]. Known as sarcomatoid...Urinary incontinence in women – part 2: management
In the second part of our comprehensive overview of urinary incontinence (UI) the authors explore the plethora of treatment options for this complex condition. (Part 1 available here). Conservative management Initial treatment of incontinence should be conservative. Caffeine reduction and...Urinary biomarkers for surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide with a yearly incidence of approximately 430,000 cases. There is a male predominance and it is the seventh most common cancer in men worldwide [1]. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)...Using cryopreserved prepubertal testis tissues – are we getting warmer?
The rising incidence of childhood cancer coupled with increasing survivorship means there is a growing population of childhood cancer survivors with unmet health needs. In the UK around 1 in 500 children and young people are survivors of childhood cancer....The burning issue of urinary tract infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria colonise and proliferate in the urinary tract. These are characterised by specific clinical symptoms (dysuria, suprapubic tenderness, urgency and urinary frequency) which commonly occur alongside the finding of bacteriuria. UTIs are common –...
Association of prostate size with capsule thickness and glandular epithelial cell density
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are two significant urologic diseases affecting ageing men. BPH is histologically evident in over half of men above 50, while PCa is a highly lethal cancer prevalent in men in the United...
The Underactive Bladder
For many, a diagnosis of an underactive or atonic bladder represents the end of the line in terms of management options. It remains a poorly understood and even more poorly appreciated condition, both in terms of underlying pathophysiology and alternatives...
How effective are intravesical therapies for bladder pain syndrome?
The objective of this study was to review the clinical efficacy of currently available products for the intravesical treatment of bladder pain syndrome (BPS) / interstitial cystitis (IC) and to assess their pharmaco-economic impact. Nineteen articles were reviewed, including five...The scent of Ethiopia: a personal story – part 1
Background The year was 2004; I had just moved to the UK as a young house officer and finished my observership programme at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. I was inspired by greats like Patrick Duffy and Phillip Ransley,...Clinical trials 1
Clinical Trials 2 is available here. Case 1 1. What are the levels of clinical evidence based on the 2009 definitions from the ‘Oxford CEBM’? 2. What is the null hypothesis? 3. What are type 1 and type 2 errors?...
