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Rare and Complex Urology

Diseases that are rare or of low prevalence pose challenges to provision of high-quality care because of limited available knowledge and sparse good-quality evidence regarding uncommon presentations, mechanisms of disease, and optimal treatments. Approximately 80% of rare diseases are of...

Surgery in disorders of sexual development with gender issues

After the initial consensus meeting of 10 years ago on disorders of sex development (DSD) with the introduction of the new terminology and classification there are still abundant controversial issues associated with the management of children with these conditions. This...

BCG strain differences have an impact on clinical outcome in bladder cancer immunotherapy

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been part of the treatment algorithm for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for a number of years. In this single centre, prospective, randomised trial, two of the most commonly available strains, BCG Connaught and BCG Tice,...

Adjuvant radiotherapy versus wait-and-see after radical prostatectomy

Optimum treatment modalities in prostate cancer continue to evolve, with debates at each stage of the evolution process, from focal therapy to radical treatment. In this randomised study, Wiegel et al. investigated the role of adjuvant radiotherapy following open radical...

The EP2 receptor – a novel target for prostate cancer?

This basic science paper sets out to evaluate the effects that celecoxib, a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, have on prostate cancer cell lines and evaluated the mechanisms behind these effects. COX-2 induces the production of prostaglandins, which promote cell proliferation...