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Clitoral reconstructive surgery after female genital cutting

Practised in Africa and other parts of the world, the WHO recently estimated that over 250 million females have been circumcised so far, and an additional three million are at risk of circumcision each year...

From female genital mutilation to female genital reconstruction

The demand for reconstruction of mutilated female genitalia is increasing in Europe due to the empowerment of immigrant and naturalised women from Africa. Their wish for reconstruction is more than a matter of surgery, as these women...

Hymenoplasty and virginity – an issue of socio-cultural morality and medical ethics

This article reflects the increasing complexity of the modern world, where the rich diversity of culture, morals, the law and religion, can have profound effects on medical practice. Sometimes there is considerable debate which is not in fact appropriate. This is illustrated in the concerns...

Revirgination is not the same as hymenoplasty

The operation called hymenoplasty is requested by women all over the world before marriage if they have engaged in premarital sex. They think that by undertaking the procedure of hymenoplasty they will regain their lost virginity, a theory that is widely accepted by patients and medical professionals. We believe however that hymenoplasty restores...

Female Cosmetic Genital Surgery: lifestyle or science?

Female Cosmetic Genital Surgery: lifestyle or science? By Ilias Giarenis and Linda CardozoThe demand for female cosmetic genital surgery (FCGS) has increased over the last decade [1]. This rise is difficult to quantify, as the majority of these procedures are...

A new treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) [1] is defined as a collection of symptoms and signs mainly associated with the progressive decrease in oestrogen levels. The lack of hormones, usually produced by the ovaries in fertile age, may lead to genital symptoms...