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Genital gender affirmation surgery for transgender men

5 May 2021 | | URO - Andrology, URO - Functional / Reconstructive Urology
Genital gender affirmation surgery (GAS) is the final step in the transition journey for transgender men. Genital GAS involves a combination of procedures to surgically align physical characteristics with one’s gender identity. These needs change between each individual depending on...

Use of Clavien-Dindo classification in urology part 2 – upper tract

1 May 2016 | | URO - Urologic Oncology
A classification system of surgical complications was proposed by Clavien in 1992 [1] and further modified by Dindo in 2004 [2]. Clavien-Dindo classification has since then been validated through many retrospective case series as well as in comparative studies to...

Adrenal incidentalomas: what next?

8 January 2024 | | URO - Urologic Oncology, URO - Functional / Reconstructive Urology
An incidentaloma refers to an adrenal lesion >1cm discovered incidentally during radiologic examination. Identifying a malignant and / or functioning lesion is critical for management. However, as the majority of lesions are benign, the challenge is the identification of malignant...

Demanding cases or nightmares in uro-oncology? Sep/Oct 2022

5 September 2022 | | URO - Urologic Oncology
Treatment of prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients is challenging due to a lack of knowledge of the natural history of cancer in these patients, the anatomical position of the graft in the iliac fossa and its proximity to the...

Prostate cancer series: diagnostics 2

4 March 2025 | | URO - Urologic Oncology, URO - Core Urology, URO - Uroradiology
- Click here for Part 1 - A 68-year-old male was referred to the two-week wait prostatic clinic with a serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 17. He had no bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms, relevant past medical history or...

Prostate cancer management 1 – non-metastatic disease

2 May 2025 | | URO - Urologic Oncology, URO - Core Urology, URO - Uroradiology
You are referred a 68-year-old gentleman to the rapid access prostate clinic with a serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 12ug/L. He is otherwise fit and well with mild voiding lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). He undergoes a multi parametric...

Prostate cancer management 2 – metastatic disease

2 July 2025 | | URO - Urologic Oncology, URO - Core Urology, URO - Uroradiology
A 72-year-old gentleman is referred to you in the two-week wait clinic with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 22ug/L. He is otherwise fit and well and does not take any regular medication. His multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) shows...

Intravesical GAG replacement therapies for bladder pain syndrome / interstitial cystitis – an update

4 May 2020 | | URO - Functional / Reconstructive Urology, URO - Infection, URO - Basic Science Research
The barrier function of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer of the urothelium was identified by Parsons in 1975, and intravesical therapies to treat chronic inflammatory conditions of the bladder were developed soon after. However, the active role of the urothelium in...

Virtual reality: a novel approach to pain management during ESWL

4 March 2025 | | URO - Technology, URO - Endourology & Stones
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a well-established treatment for kidney and ureteric stone disease, employing high-energy shock waves to fragment stones into smaller pieces for passage through the urinary tract. This article explores the application of virtual reality (VR)...

The bulbocavernosus reflex

6 January 2023 | | URO - Neurourology
Despite its first discovery predating the early-1940s, clinical application of the bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) has been limited to date. The BCR traditionally involves contraction of the bulbo- and ischiocavernosus pelvic floor muscles, often referred to as the ‘bulbocavernosus muscle’, in...

ICS updates in continence care: a personal perspective on the role of basic science in urology

1 March 2017 | | URO - Basic Science Research, URO - Functional / Reconstructive Urology
At a urology research meeting in Sheffield a few years ago, a former post doctorate researcher in urology, Mathieu Boudes, said: “Stop calling it basic research, there is nothing basic about it. It is fundamental research to everything urologists do.”...

Mesh in urological surgery in the UK – background, reviews and current status

1 May 2019 | | URO - Infection, URO - Functional / Reconstructive Urology, URO - Neurourology
All UK urologists, unless they have been on a 10-year silent retreat, are by now aware of the controversy surrounding surgical use of mesh in general and urological / urogynaecological use of mesh for the surgical treatment of stress urinary...