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Technology – Part 2

Case 1 Name the machine shown in the picture and describe how it works. What is the standard frequency of ultrasound waves in this machine? What frequency of ultrasound waves are utilised in an abdominal and scrotal ultrasound? Case 2...

Technology – Part 1

Case 1 What is this and what material is it made from? What property of the catheter does the size refer to? What is the relationship between French size and diameter? What is a biofilm? How can you reduce catheter...

Upper Tract Developmental Abnormalities

Case 1 1. What is the abnormality and how common is it? 2. What is the embryological origin? 3. With what other conditions can this be associated? Case 2 1. What is the diagnosis and how common is it? 2....

Urological Complications of Malignancy

Case 1 1. What does this sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan show? 2. Which cancers commonly cause this? 3. What is the acute management? Case 2 1. What is the diagnosis? 2. What local effects can this mass cause?...

Uropathology: what’s the diagnosis?

Case 1 A 28-year-old man presented with a left testicular mass. Tumour markers were taken and he went on to have a radical inguinal orchidectomy. The specimen and histology are shown. Which testicular tumour markers were taken? What does their...

Andrology (2020)

Case 1 What is the diagnosis based on the blood test, and how is the diagnosis made? What additional blood tests are required? What are the clinical manifestations of this? What are the options / modes of delivery for treatment?...

Paediatric urology – peno-scrotal

Case 1 A four-year-old boy presents to clinic following GP referral unable to retract the foreskin (Figure 1). Figure 1. What is the diagnosis? The above condition may be pathological or physiological; clinically how can you differentiate this? Explain the...

Neurourology

Case 1 What are the urological indications for use of this medication? What is the mechanism of action when used in the bladder? What is the average duration of action? What are the contraindications to the use of this medication?...

Upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma

Case 1 A 64-year-old man presents to the haematuria clinic with visible haematuria, on a background of a 40 pack-year smoking history and family history of bowel cancer in his sister at the age of 48. A CT was performed...

Cystoplasty

Case 1 A 48-year-old female, having previously had an augmentation ileocystoplasty 10 years ago, has been referred with right loin pain by the emergency department. A venous blood gas is performed shortly after triage with the following values: What is...

Consent

See Part 2 on this topic here Case 1 A 15-year-old boy attends with his father to have a circumcision on a day case list. He had been seen previously by a colleague and noted to have a tight phimosis...

Consent Part 2

See Part 1 on this topic here Case 1 A 77 year old lady presents to the Emergency Department confused and generally unwell. She is septic and, on imaging, is found to have a 9mm obstructing right sided proximal ureteric...